To satisfy the above goal, advanced analytical tools are indispensable for assessing the performance of the structures(e.g. cracking and deflection under service loads, ultimate load, failure mode and pattern, and load-deformation of structures) constructed using reinforced concrete which is naturally non-linear subjected to external excitations. The nonlinearities are due to a composite materials made up of concrete and reinforcement, nonlinear behavior of concrete itself, and the interaction between reinforcing steel and concrete though bond-slip, aggregate interlocking, and dowel action at the interface of both materials. In addition, the real world structures are usually in the forms of complex in shape and functions; for examples, high rise building, nuclear power plants, bridges, off-shore platforms, and underground structures. These structures thus requires advanced and sophisticated analytical tools. The current tools that implement analytical and numerical methods in assessing the performance of concrete structures are practically adopted the so called Finite Element Analysis "FEA". The development of FEA for concrete structures is very interesting with a long history since 1967 and the next post I will introduce some here.
